Pastoralism remains vital to the livelihoods of millions, providing food, income, and cultural identity across diverse regions. Yet it is rapidly transforming under the combined pressures of climate change, socio-economic shifts, and changing human-nonhuman relationships. Climate variability, including altered rainfall and temperatures, is affecting pasture productivity and mobility patterns. Simultaneously, migration, changing labour expectations, and market integration are reshaping labour organisation and intergenerational knowledge transmission.

These ecological and social changes are tightly interwoven with the lives of livestock, wildlife, and landscapes, creating complex multispecies dynamics that influence pastoral decision-making and resilience strategies. Understanding these intersecting pressures is essential for supporting sustainable pastoral livelihoods and the rich ecological and cultural systems they sustain.